Modern civilization is not the product of any single ideology or nation, but rather a set of institutional structures that have gradually taken shape over the past five hundred years. This structure includes sovereign states, constitutional democracy, the rule of law, market economy, public education systems, and normative theories of justice and rights. The stability and sustainable development of modern society do not rely on a single idea, but on the long-established balance between different institutions. The formation of these institutions is a process in which a series of thinkers have continuously responded to the same question: after humanity no longer relies on theocracy and traditional hierarchical orders...